She said no, on March
19, 2020 when the police gave her an opportunity to make a report about being
beaten up by her lover. The beating happened during daytime in the street in
their community, seen by onlookers and a video recording was shared. Still, the
lady refused to start a legal process that would protect her and bring her justice.
Observers may be forgiven if they consider a
probable life trajectory….
She lives with low self esteem, having grown up
being abused and belittled; she will be beaten by him again, and if she leaves
him, his abuse will be replaced by that from another, and again. Her case will
include substance abuse, child neglect and or child abuse; and maybe her story
ends as a homicide and or suicide. I hope not, but what does statistical
research tell us about intimate partner violence in Jamaica?
What we Know – Situation Analysis
Mr Anthony Harriott was the lead author of the 2012 Caribbean Human Development Report (CHDR), reported that there was a 4% gap between
men and women in situations involving domestic violence. Both sexes are victims
and perpetrators in the culture of violence. The figures do not tell us the
cases when the violence involved persons of the same sex and persons who are
not in intimate relationships.
Harriott further says that the questionnaires suggest that victims of domestic violence by intimate
partner to be a victimization rate of 2.3 per cent of the population.
The document gives
remedies but a significant pull quote is, ‘Proactive, pre-emptive policies need
to target at-risk groups, eradicating violence before it starts.”
The Women's Health Survey 2016 authored by Carol Watson Williams,
published jointly by the Inter American Development Bank (IDB) the Statistical
Institute of Jamaica (STATIN) and UN Women also repeated that "Jamaica has
no reliable estimate of the prevalence of violence against women, including
intimate partner violence. The statistics do not allow an examination of
intimate partner violence as a discrete category of interest."
Watson Williams, using a model that was developed for CARICOM, sampled
2,145 households from rural and urban communities and included all parishes.
Her results indicate that 27.8 per cent of all women in Jamaica have experienced
intimate partner violence. If you use the traditional way to round up numbers,
that would be one third of the female population, but UN Women reports this as
one quarter of the population.
There were 1,017,697
females over the age of 15 counted in the 2011 Population and Housing census that
was undertaken by the Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN). At the highest level, about 250,000 females would
have been affected.
In 2017, UN Women said that one third of women, worldwide have
this experience. It would then appear that Jamaica falls within the global norm.
Watson Williams identified the three strongest risk predictors of
intimate partner violence as: childhood experience of violence; controlling
behaviour of a husband/partner; alcohol use by the perpetrator.
Institutional data from hospital sources quoted in the survey show
that between 2013 and 2014, 2,975 patients were treated for injuries resulting
from assaults. Of this amount, 2,677 (89%) were women and girls, 1,765 (59%)
being females between 10 and 19 years old.
The survey also mentions a Draft National Strategic Action Plan
with Strategic Priority Areas, that if followed, is expected to create an
environment in which gender-based violence is eliminated, or at the very least,
significantly reduced. The highlights of the plan are set out below:
- Preventive
actions to re-programme the cultural practices away from
acceptance and tolerance of gender-based violence, to one in which there
are significant social, cultural and legal disincentives to violence
against women and girls.
- Improving
services available to victims and
improving investigations, prosecution and enforcement, are also expected
to help reduce the prevalence of gender-based violence.
The 2015 UNDP publication, A Study of Women, Politics, Parliament and Equality in the
CARICOM Countries – Jamaica Case Study makes a damning statement, that I have not
been able to find support within the documentation. It says, “The law and the
legal environment in the Jamaican judicial system is itself characterized by
gender inequality. Because of this, incidents of sexual harassment, abuse,
rape, and incest are frequently treated lightly and not as serious offences.” I
am puzzled by this outlook. In Jamaica, rape and incest lead to criminal
convictions. Abuse with intent to physical harm is an offence. Harassment, I
could agree, is not a criminal and perhaps not a civil offence.
On March 25, 2020 the Human Resources and Social Development
Committee of Parliament which started its work in 2016, and chaired by a
clergyman, recommended the removal of abortions from the Offences Against the
Person Act and that a civil law Termination of Pregnancy Act be brought into
force; this is a major indication of support for females who do not want to
carry a pregnancy to term.
He said, “The number one
reason women die in Jamaica is because men are at war, and women get caught up
in it. This accounts for two-thirds of all female deaths in Jamaica. Women die
as a result of being branded informers, as gang sleepers, as background war
strategists, to trigger or upset the opponent, or in family or corner
wipe-outs. In simple terms: if we focus on the gang violence that kills over
1,000 males each year, we would save the lives on two-thirds of the women who
die each year in those wars. We could then successfully focus on femicide – which
does exist. By treating the problem of violence against women as an isolated
issue we are exposing a lot of women to extreme violence. Such approaches also
waste money for as long as the war continues it will take more money to
continue fixing women without looking at men.”
A Gleaner article that
was published on September 11, 2016 said that Dr Gayle, and others conducted a
study that found, “approximately 70 per cent of domestic disputes are centred
around finances, and while men are more likely to physically abuse women, it is
the women who are generally more likely to instigate the conflict.” The article
headline was Men: Silent Sufferers - Male Victims Of
Domestic Abuse Less Likely To Cry Out
“A local study has found that approximately 70 per cent of
domestic disputes are centred around finances, and while men are more likely to
physically abuse women, it is the women who are generally more likely to instigate the conflict.
The recently completed study looks at power and conflict in the
home and represents a serial snapshot of society.
It was carried out between 2007 and 2014 by Dr Herbert Gayle who
said, "What we found is that men are twice more likely to batter the women
and women are twice more likely to initiate the fight then lose the
fight."
"The problem we are finding, though, is that we make this
assumption that once it's domestic violence, it's the woman who is the victim.”
The 2012 Caribbean Human Development report that was mentioned before
seems to bear this out in the table that shows a four to six per cent gap in
crime reporting between men and women.
What the document says about Jamaica is that the country is in the
High Human Development category and that between 2010 and 2018, seven per cent
more women were more educated than men; in 2018, 19 per cent of
parliamentarians were women; and 13 per cent more men participated in the
labour force.
The data presents no area in the world as an example of gender utopia.
Europe and Central Asia has the narrowest Gender Inequality Index
of 0.2, but 25 per cent more men participate in the labour force and 21.2 per
cent of seats in parliaments are held by women. Sub Saharan Africa has women in
23.5 per cent of the parliamentary seats and there is a nine per centage gap
between men and women in the workforce, but the Gender Inequality Index is much
higher at 0.5.
The report suggests that social norms maintain inequality and work
needs to be done to “change unequal power relationships among individuals
within a community or challenging deeply rooted gender roles.”
It presents a three-pronged tool to dismantle gender inequality:
education, awareness and incentives.
Jamaica already has in place many of the recommendations of UN agencies
to reduce gender based violence such as legislation protecting each gender in
access to education, inheritance and land ownership. There is access to
reproductive health resources, excluding, up to now, legal abortions on demand.
There is promotion of gender equality in employment.
In Summary
This is what we know from this limited selection of surveys and
reports:
·
Jamaica does not count the
number of cases in Jamaica of intimate partner violence;
·
A survey done in 2016
reported that 27.8 per cent of females surveyed said that they had experienced
intimate partner violence in their lifetime which would number about 254,000
females if expanded to the population as a whole; and this is very close to the
30 per cent norm reported in 2018 by UN Women;
·
The rate of violence
victimization of 2.3 percent of households affects roughly 15,000 households
across the country while it should not be ignored that some of the violence is
caused as an offshoot of male conflict. Women are twice as likely to initiate
behavior that results in violence and them being labeled as victims;
·
Nearly 90% of assault
victims seen by hospitals are female; and 15% of victims make a report to the
police;
·
The reasons why women do
go to the justice system for help, in the majority is not recorded but it
excludes fear of being beaten again and fear for the safety of children;
·
One study says 70% of
domestic discord is over finances, so these decisions to seek help could be
influenced by decisions about money.
What are the recommendations:
·
Harriott and Jones: ‘Proactive,
pre-emptive policies need to target at-risk groups, eradicating violence before
it starts.”
·
Williams: Preventive
actions to re-programme the cultural practices away from acceptance
and tolerance of gender-based violence, to one in which there are significant
social, cultural and legal disincentives to violence against women and girls.
- Improving
services available to victims and
improving investigations, prosecution and enforcement, are also expected
to help reduce the prevalence of gender-based violence.
Where Do We Go From Here?
The Prime Minister's 2020 Budget Presentation was delivered on
March 19, 2020, the same day that the battered woman in Westmoreland rejected
the opportunity to bring charges against the man who beats her and hurls
insults at her in public, and in whom she places her affections.
The leader’s presentation stated the work that is being done to
reduce violence in the society such as converting police stations into modern,
citizen-friendly workspaces and bringing in more crime fighting technology. He
also noted that to control violence the social culture has to change.
His remarks were focused on areas that are currently under the
Zones of Special Operation (ZOSOs) when he said, "While we can reduce
murders by controlling the space, controlling violence is more difficult as it
has become a part of how we interact and behaviours have to change. We have
seen that the change in the environment - improved physical infrastructure,
waste disposal practices, willingness to resolve conflicts through restorative
justice - has had a lasting positive impact."
Watson Williams' survey noted that domestic violence has no social
boundaries, so I can tentatively foresee that these very important and much
needed measures in violence prone communities will still not significantly
reduce intimate partner violence.
Last year, the Wife of the Prime Minister moved to make Jamaica
deliver the pilot of a regional Caribbean Women and Child Initiative (CariWaC)
initiative, that is specifically targeted at reducing intimate partner
violence. The vision is to have a space in the community where a woman who is living
in poverty can receive empowerment services from trained health specialists.
The initiative became the subject of severe criticism because of the timing of
the launch of the initiative for Fathers' Day, and its laudable mission is
still to be realised.
Let us return to more useful material from the Women's Health
Survey and what it can teach. The recommendations are precise:
1. Strategic and ongoing research and application
of the findings is needed to make the National Strategic Action Plan on
Gender-based Violence successful;
2. Increase the capacity of the police and health
services to help women who are ready to receive help;
· The
survey suggests that health and justice professionals can and do identify
victims and make referrals, but sadly, half of these women reject help until
they are broken down from abuse, in desperation, they become receptive. Indeed,
counselling centres and shelters in each parish are vital to building up
confidence in women who are at risk or who are already victims. Women and
girls, the survey says, speak about their experiences to people who can
actually offer help, and who do help when the women are mentally and
emotionally ready to accept that help. CariWaC hopes to be a part of this
solution.
· The
move to empower the justice system to press charges on a suspected abuser when
the victim has not made a report can be interpreted as an intrusion on an adult
female’s rights. One woman's personal terror is not a risk to a population. Our
society has made a long journey towards increasing sovereignty of self. Forcing
an adult female to participate in a legal process for her own well-being is
reducing her status to that of a person who is incapable of making a decision
or a minor. Even if it is reasonably sure that this will benefit her welfare,
it is an infringement of choice. Time will decide whether we accept this as a
society, or not.
3. Structured and
sustained behaviour change campaigns that continue the shift in thinking
around gender norms and roles to create a society in which violence
against women, including intimate partner violence, is openly rejected and
firmly addressed.
Thanks to local, Jamaican research, such as the Women's Health
Survey, and international surveys, there is sufficient information to inform
broad decisions that can reduce intimate partner violence in a population. The
balance of my essay is how I would structure a communication campaign where
violence is openly rejected and firmly addressed.
1. Address
the entire frame of domestic violence in your home and community
2. Manage
money issues before they escalate
3. Establish
partnership
4. Have a
detailed history of the family of your partner
5. The church
should lighten up on patriarchy messages and provide services for victims
6. End the
privacy custom related to intimate partner violence.
The community of development practitioners have
been addressing the scourge of
violence and have collectively been discussing
how to enable communities to have a
culture that regenerates of non-violence.
have been
very troubling to Jamaicans.
On page 13 it says, “In
the In 2017, Jamaica’s homicide rate was 56 per
100,000; in
2018, the homicide rate dropped to 47 per
100,000, but remains three times higher
than the average for Latin America and the
Caribbean. Forbes Magazine listed
Jamaica as the third most dangerous place for women
travelers in 2017.
In 2018, Business Insider ranked Jamaica 10th among
20 of the most dangerous places
in the world. The International Monetary Fund
(IMF) recently cited crime as the
number one impediment to economic growth. The
Jamaican government concluded
that corruption and the transnational crime it
facilitates presents a grave threat to
national security.”
does not mention domestic crime, suggesting that
these types of crime are not an
ingredient of the homicide rates. Dr Gayle himself
notes elsewhere that to solve
violence against women, violence against men
needs to be solved.
In its early editions, the annual Best Practices
for Community Development
coordinated by the Planning Institute of Jamaica
has given focus to specific issues
that occur in communities.
In the 2020 edition, the focus was towards
finding definitions for and identifying best
practices for community development and they
indeed touched on reducing violence.
Notable among the presentations were from expert
on violence reduction, University
of Ottawa Professor Emeritus Irvin Waller; and
also the Mona School of Business and
Management Managing Director Dr Olivene Burke who outlined best practices.
Waller highlighted success in several cities where crime
had increased and how he
believed that Jamaica can lower its crime rate by 50% in
two years. Dr Waller’s
essentials are:
1. Enable a National Violence Prevention Board
informed by global portals and engaging regional and local violence prevention
boards;
2. Implement a plan with components of
diagnosis, mobilization, implementation and evaluation; using mapping of areas
of social data including deprivation; identify outcome goals
3. Mobilise the relevant sectors
4. Provide adequate and sustained funding
including training
5. Engage the public.
Giving a graphic
example of investment, Waller said that the investment in the plan should be
funded to the value of a cup of McDonald’s coffee for each individual in the
population.
In March, 2020, a
McDonald’s cup of specialty coffee was about US$3.30 and the population,
according to the 2011 census conducted by STATIN was 2.8 million individuals
living in Jamaica. Waller’s recommendation is that the budget for the plan
should be US$9.2 million, the equivalent of J$1.25 billion.
In her presentation, Burke said that the process to engage communities
should follow the following practices:
1.
Evaluate
community readiness, which Burke says is the extent to which a community is
adequately prepared to implement a development intervention or programme.
·
Awareness
and understanding of issues by the community
·
Motivation
by the community to get involved and buy into the intervention plan;
·
Evidence
of social and psychological ties within the community;
·
Capacity
of local leadership to undertake developmental work;
·
A
governance structure in the community with rules;
·
Presence
of resources;
·
Knowledge
of the ecological environment with regards to sustainable economic livelihoods;
2.
Establish
workable collaborations through partnerships, as these can strengthen
organisations through long term cooperation and collaboration and the ability
to combine human and other resources;
3.
Develop a
practice where data informs policy and decision making. Data analysis should be
fundamental to programme monitoring and evaluation;
4. Plan for sustainability by identifying the
financial and social impact on the expected social value.
To
achieve the goal of reduced domestic violence needs to address violence in the
society in general, which must include outreach to males, but not exclusively
to males.
No
one programme can address this, but a wholistic approach which no doubt must
also be integrated into almost every other social programme to include
education, health, national security, labour and employment, wealth creation,
housing, poverty reduction, housing and land ownership, just to name a few.
Although
the approach must be far-reaching, the sustainability and regeneration will be
achieved with the change in cultural norms. The rest of the essay will give
suggestions on how to make that change.
 |
| Taino carving of a woman crying |
Planning For Results
Without delay, the mission is to rapidly reduce
domestic violence by motivate the influential segments of the society to
socially reject the provocation and beating up of spouses and partners as
reprehensible behaviour.
Waller says that a violence reduction plan should
cost J$1.25 billion, the implementation cost will be multiple times this
amount. A creative cost estimate which will include filmmaking, events, artiste
development, theatrical productions and wayside advertising would probably be
ten times more in a year employing the very best talents and expertise who can
deliver the very best outcomes.
There are many valid models of behaviour change
that could be examined and adapted for specific communities. These models, in
different ways, consider the reality of prevailing lifestyles, and the
importance and role of self-discovery and reflection. The models allow for some
degree of relapse and do encourage consistency and refreshing action. Perhaps
there is no right way and no wrong way, just the way that is best for the
health of the person and of the household and community. The health sciences
have professionals who competently deliver on these theories and have models
for prediction and they make good theoretical sense and have yielded
encouraging results.
Alongside this, I also have noted the tremendous
resources of time, people and money that these theories employ and which need a
high level of external support in order to be sustained in the long run; they
seem not to readily rejuvenate. It almost feels like a form of dependency.
Without the external sustenance, there are heartbreaking stories of recidivism
or relapse or reduction in rate of progress. The HIV/AIDS behavior change
reports offer some examples.
Global AIDS Update 2018 for the Caribbean noted in its At A
Glance column that, “Renewed commitment to combination prevention that is
tailored to populations and locations with the greatest need is required to
accelerate reductions in new HIV infections.” And in its investment summary,
“The financial resources available for HIV responses in the Caribbean increased
until 2011; since then, it has declined, largely due to scaled back
international support. Between 2006 and 2017, the availability of domestic
resources increased 123.7%, while international resources have decreased by
16%. In 2017, the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
(PEPFAR) provided 57% of the total HIV resources in the region; the Global Fund
to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Global Fund) provided 8%.”
This over reliance on external support should be
a matter of concern to that community. There are anecdotal stories of when the
social intervention support is removed, the community deliberately reverts in
order to force the NGO or the state to keep the support going.
Then there is the information blitz approach, which is sometimes
used to shame the society into behaviour change. This action is without
behaviour change theory and probably shows absolutely no significant return for
the effort that is put in. I am deliberately withholding giving examples of
this high visibility and low return approach.
Community Buy-In, Tie-In, Accountability and Support is the
Solution
The communication support here should focus on bringing together
consensus on domestic violence that reaches every corner of the society. This
is what we are going through right now.
Supporting storytelling will give examples, show, tell, provide
opportunities for discussion. Use the data to devise what stories to tell when,
where to place them and the media to use in each case.
Opportunities for reward whether through winning competitions and
being provided an opportunity to further ones dreams should be built into the
rewards and payback. This is the discipline of marketers.
There will be members of society who do not respond to either, and
this is where punishments and reminders should come in, probably through the
justice system.
March 2020 marks the full awareness of countries outside of China
to the threat of the COVID-19 virus and at the point of my writing, there is no
good prediction as to what the full disaster will be for the lives and
livelihoods lost and economies damaged. What I have seen, around me, is how
fear for immediate personal safety is impacting behaviour change. With nary a
whimper, the mature segments of entire societies have accepted a common threat
and have put up little resistance to changing established ways of life. Ramping
up behaviour change comes with a sharp prod to an emotional trigger.
I stood at a food takeout counter a few days ago, about a metre
away from a woman and we were the only customers in the store. She scrutinized
me and landed quizzical and challenging glances on me; I was too close for her
comfort. My mission was to be close to the counter because the staff in the
store are not the most alert when it comes to customer service, so pity the
feelings of my fellow patron. Normal is now abnormal. All right is now all
wrong.
We have witnessed this time and again in Jamaica. An item is
stolen and it is returned because a community leader sent a message that it was
a mistake or wrong behaviour. There was an understanding of acceptable
behavior.
The video recording of the Westmoreland couple was peopled with
supporters of the violent man. He did not hit her in a moment of rage, it came
after several minutes of loud confrontation. He felt comfortable with his
planned actions because he had backative, strength in the
number of men around him who were lauding his behavior and berating the woman.
To change this, the man must truly believe that he will be socially ostracised
for beating his girlfriend, even if she had done him wrong. The supporters who
he wants in his life must but be the persons who will starve him of social
comfort.
I have participated in a community response that kept a woman safe
until she was emotionally strong enough to change her situation. In that
matter, the man's football crew stopped welcoming him into their midst. He
received the pain of rejection and that kept her safe.
Hidden from our understanding is the reason for his rage, but we
should also accept that provocation can escalate a situation to extreme
violence. This is where the value of culture comes in, for persons to use
discernment and see danger and how to avoid it. Storytelling and evocative
language to teach survival is a very powerful tool which has become disused in
recent times. It is a mistake, I think, to allow a higher standard of behavior to
one side of a relationship, and not another. If you are having a relationship
with a partner who will flirt, be prepared for emotional pain. If you are
causing emotional pain to a person who has a history of getting into an
explosive rage, assess carefully what you are willing to endure in the
relationship.
If this sounds like I am projecting personal responsibility, I am,
but I also acknowledge that many of us do not fulfill our own personal
expectations all of the time, which is why the community is important.
The community can be paid professionals or meddlesome family
members, friends and neighbours who offer an open door policy. One will be
non-judgemental, the other will give their unwanted views as they offer care
and support, or simply act to protect themselves against a threat to good order
in the society.
To get a community to have a standard of accepted behaviour, we
need stories that tell us what is wrong and what is right; that identify the
victim, the villain, the hero. Factless fables should not be told as if they were
truth, but told as wisdom in fancy dress so that it captures the imagination.
Most stories can be for entertainment, but in many, there are stories that bear
far more riches, and we should unearth them, place them where they will have
impact and use them to define what is acceptable and what is not.
Unfortunately, for decades, an unsuspecting Jamaican audience were
exposed to perhaps, too many harmful, and glamourous soap operas and TV
mini-series from the USA that were bereft of sustaining nourishment. I would
say the mini-series genre from India, derided as melodramatic, contains much
more value.
I give much praise to
the theatre community in Jamaica which have had a longstanding history of
projecting relatable stories to mixed audiences, leaving them with smiles and
hope. I like to highlight the vividly named Tek Yu Han Off A Mi, one of many stage productions which addressed and gave
resolution to domestic violence.
The popularity of social
media has allowed individuals to coalesce around their most comfortable subject
areas and norms and empowerment and to swarm opposing views and brutally
denunciate them online and beyond. This is a natural role of a society, allow
members to know good from bad, harmful from healthy.
A quick check-in on thee deprecatory words that are popular in Jamaica, disgusting shameful, dunce and
stupid show that they were in decline, but are now in modest to steep resurge. Perhaps this is evidence of the prevalence of "denunciatory
culture" where you get brutally taken down for stepping out of line. It is
not an enlightened way for a society to move, but it is performing a role that
had been suppressed in modern times.
 |
| Disgusting had been declining in use until the late 1990s |
 |
| Dunce started to grow in popularity in the 2000s |
 |
| Stupid became more popular in 100 years and is still growing in use |
I am against the use of deprecatory words to promote behavior
change, what I see from these trends is that society is open to finding ways to
define what is good, what is not good. This is information to be used in
planning. I further say that the use of shaming and berating and fighting is
currently prominent in Jamaican culture and this is an opportunity to perhaps
promote other kinds of ways to find resolution.
The objective must be to reduce domestic violence, and for that it
must be recognized that behavior of more than one person needs to be supported.
Tonight, April 4, I watched an apology from a member of the public, orchestrated by the police, for breaking the all-island curfew. The man used the words disgraceful and demeaning to describe his behaviour. Words that - I am very willing to underscore - he does not use in his normal speech. The public accountability - I am using this word instead of shame and pillory - as taken up on social media, looks as if it will be effective in stopping him and others from repeating the offence.
The plan should map the places where the pockets of domestic abuse
is likely occurring - reported and unreported - and develop data to do mapping
of these areas. The research already done says that it is not restricted to one
geographical area and it affects roughly 15,000 households and 254,000 females
over the age of 15.
These females and their spouses will be the target audience.
The strategy should have a five-year lifespan so that it can enter
the mind of one generation of youth from age 15 and carry them through
adolescence to adulthood.
It should be anticipated that the quality of the expressions
should become refreshed through demand. If one aspect is lacking resources, the
message it can stay alive through another.
The strategy is to utilize storytelling to promote a discussion
about matters that lead to domestic violence. The strategy would be to select
stories from already published work, develop them into creative expressions,
create platforms for engagement so that the responses can be measured and
mapped.
To adequately create a sustained national discussion, there needs
to be penetration across all platforms and all markets. The marketing plan
would consider the number of radio stations with listenership of more than
15,000 at any time, the television stations.
It will create partnerships with the leading creators in film,
music and music videos, public murals, theatre and events across disciplines.
There needs to be synergy across the platforms. A story selected
must find expression on stage, in musical performance and music video, in
public spaces through murals and transit, on radio, on games and in discussions
online.
Targets for engagement on each platform has to be done frequently
and should inform the next roll-out of materials. This will include social
media measurement and listening; broadcast media listening and analysis.
The police stations and hospitals where assault victims come for
treatment should have a protocol in place where reports and cases are logged
and provided to the head of mission. These will be analysed to determine what
it means for the engagement with society.
The wide sweeping investment in social behavior to be accompanied by rewards and punishments by members of society, through social media means and others, should be carefully set out with deliverables written out as numbers. If the numbers do not roll in, at the required rate, the exercise will be a failure and a waste of all inputs and resources.
Behaviour change should be accountable to numbers such as sales figures, immunisation rates, returns on investments and any other meaningful investments.
Right is rewarded and wrong is corrected and punished. Will the society want to buy into that? Let's try.
